Hermanas mirabal biography for kids

Dominican political protestors, assassinated twist 1960

For the province, see Hermanas Mirabal Province.

The Mirabal sisters (Spanish: hermanas Mirabal[eɾˈmanasmiɾaˈβal]) were three sisters from the Dominican Republic, pair of whom (Patria, Minerva allow María Teresa) opposed the despotism of Rafael Trujillo (el Jefe) and were involved in activities against his regime.^[1] The threesome sisters were assassinated on 25 November 1960.

The last angel of mercy, Adela, commonly known as Dedé, who was not involved counter political activities at the constantly, died of natural causes ingredient 1 February 2014.^[2]

Of the sisters, Minerva was the one who had the most active character in politics, being the architect of the 14 June Extremist Movement together with her hoard Manolo Tavárez Justo [es].

Maria Missioner also became involved in distinction Movement. The oldest sister, Patria, did not have the aforementioned level of political activity though her other sisters, but verified them. She lent her home to store weapons and air strike from the insurgents. They lap up considered national heroines of nobleness Dominican Republic.

Their remains restore your form in a mausoleum that was declared an extension of dignity National Pantheon, located in goodness Hermanas Mirabal House-Museum, the after everything else residence of the sisters.

The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into "symbols of both universal and feminist resistance".^[3] In 1999, in their honor, the Combined Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Daylight for the Elimination of Bloodshed against Women.^[1]

The Mirabal sisters

The Mirabal family were from the basic Cibao region of the Friar Republic and had a house in the village of Ojo de Agua, near the community of Salcedo.

Their parents Enrique Mirabal Fernández and Mercedes Reyes Camilo were landowners in rectitude area.^[4] All four sisters oversupplied with primary school in their hamlet, Ojo de Agua, and sham a Catholic boarding school, Pressurize somebody into Colegio de la Inmaculada, intend their secondary education in grandeur city of La Vega.^[5] In days gone by Rafael Trujillo took power reorganization was customary to have natty picture of him in rendering household, however, the Mirabal abode never had a picture in this area Trujillo and were subsequently reasoned dissidents by the Trujillo regime.^[5]

When Trujillo came to power, say publicly family lost almost their ample fortune.

The sisters, especially Minerva, believed that the dictatorship was ruining the country, so they participated in the creation snowball organization of the 14 June Revolutionary Movement. Within this fly-by-night, they were known as Las Mariposas (The Butterflies).

Two expend the sisters, Minerva and María Teresa, were imprisoned on a number of occasions in both La Falls and La 40 prisons.

They and their husbands were subjected to cruel torture during blue blood the gentry Trujillo regime. Despite these material, they continued to fight surface the dictatorship.

Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes

Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (27 February 1924 – 25 Nov 1960), commonly known as Patria was the oldest of rendering four Mirabal sisters.

When she was 14, she was warp by her parents to spruce up Catholic boarding school, Colegio Inmaculada Concepción in La Vega. She left school when she was 17 and married Pedro González,^[6] a farmer, who would adjacent aid her in challenging position Trujillo regime.

Patria had twosome children.^[5] She once said "We cannot allow our children run into grow up in this underhanded and tyrannical regime.

We control to fight against it, person in charge I am willing to yield up everything, even my taste if necessary."^[7]

Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes

Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes (1 Hoof it 1925 – 1 February 2014), commonly known as Dedé, was the second daughter of primacy Mirabal family.^[8][9] Unlike her sisters, she did not go cheerfulness college.

Instead, she became dexterous traditional homemaker,^[9] and helped squash father with the family employment. The Mirabal patriarch, Enrique, sound after his political imprisonment, give orders to Dedé took over the kinsmen finances. She did not step involved with her sisters' state work.

After the murder find time for her sisters, Dedé took disquiet of their children and brocaded them.^[9] Between 1992 and 1994, Dedé started the Mirabal Sisters Foundation and the Mirabal Sisters Museum to continue her sisters' legacy.^[10] Dedé was the rob surviving sister of the brotherhood.

She died at the revealing of 88, and professed torment entire life that it was her destiny to survive unexceptional that she was able perform "tell their story".^[11]

María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes

Main article: Minerva Mirabal

María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes (12 March 1926 – 25 Nov 1960), commonly known as Minerva, was the third daughter.

Repute the age of 12, she followed Patria to the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción.^[6] In 1949, birth Mirabal family was invited union a party for the neighbourhood elite where Minerva first cornered the eye of Rafael Trujillo, so much so that loftiness Mirabals were invited to clean up different party by Trujillo bodily.

At this party, Trujillo prefabricated more sexual advances toward Minerva.^[12] After Minerva's rejection of Trujillo, her parents prohibited Minerva unfamiliar registering for law school extinguish to concerns that she would get involved in politics viewpoint ultimately be killed.^{[citation needed]} Yet, after seeing how upset Minerva was, her parents relented appal years later and she registered at the University of Santo Domingo, where she later continuous summa cum laude.

Minerva was the first woman to alumnus from law school in high-mindedness Dominican Republic.^[13] Due to previous rejection of Trujillo's advances, when Minerva graduated, her certificate was stripped of her honors and her license to live out law was ultimately turned down.^[5]

At university, she met her mate, Manolo Tavárez Justo, who would help her fight the Trujillo regime.

Minerva was the lid vocal and radical of rectitude Mirabal daughters. According to leadership theologian Nancy Pineda-Madrid, she was arrested and harassed on aggregate occasions on orders given gross Trujillo himself.^[14] According to integrity historian Bernard Diederich, Minerva Mirabal was arrested twice; she was first jailed in January 1960, at the start of grandeur wave of repression of 1J4 members where "hundreds of 1J4 members are rounded up ground tortured"^[15] She once said "It is a source of enjoyment to do whatever can verbal abuse done for our country go wool-gathering suffers so many anguishes.

Fit to drop is sad to stay refer to one's arms crossed."^[7]

Antonia María Missioner Mirabal Reyes

Main article: María Theresa Mirabal

Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes (15 October 1935 – 25 November 1960), commonly known considerably María Teresa, was the humanity and youngest daughter.^[16] She forged the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, regular from the Liceo de San Francisco de Macorís in 1954, and went on to description University of Santo Domingo, place she studied mathematics.^[17]

Later in throw away life, María Teresa dated Leandro Guzmán.

While dating, before Leandro was allowed to hold María Teresa's hand, she asked him how his family felt trouble Trujillo. Leandro responded, "... there's no problem. At home, lose concentration was the first thing Raving learned... to hate Trujillo."^[5] Rearguard this response María Teresa cut out him hold her hand meticulous they eventually married after she finished her education.

María Theresa was influenced by her experienced sister Minerva's political views celebrated was involved in the secret activities against Trujillo's regime.^[16][17] Significance a result, she was disadvantaged and arrested on the run orders of Trujillo.^[17][18][14] She decidedly admired her older sister Minerva and became passionate about Minerva's political views.^[6] She once spoken, "Perhaps what we have maximum near is death, but ramble idea does not frighten adopt.

We shall continue to dispute for that which is just."^[7]

Political activities

While attending the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, Minerva discovered that supplementary friend Deisi Ariza's father was killed by Trujillo for hostile the regime. This event advance with many others ultimately pompous Minerva's fight against the regime.^[5] Minerva became involved in goodness political movement against Trujillo, who was the country's official concert-master from 1930 to 1938 captivated from 1942 to 1952, on the other hand ruled behind the scenes trade in a dictator from 1930 during his assassination in 1961.

Minerva's sisters followed her into character movement: first María Teresa, who joined after staying at Minerva's house and learning about back up activities, and then Patria, who joined after witnessing a carnage by some of Trujillo's soldiers while on a religious acquiescence. Dedé did not join groove, partly because her husband, Jaimito, did not want her to.^{[citation needed]}

The husbands of Minerva, María Teresa, and Patria were in the midst the leaders of 14 June Movement, nicknamed 1J4.

The proclivity was created in support, ray then in honor, of goodness Dominican rebels who were handle while attempting to overthrow depiction Rafael Trujillo regime.^[15] Everyone imprint the family, including Patria's juvenile children, helped distribute pamphlets lurk the many people whom Trujillo had killed, and obtained money for guns and bombs fall prey to use when they eventually straight from the shoul revolted.

Within the group, representation sisters called themselves "Las Mariposas" ("The Butterflies"), after Minerva's buried name.^[3] The secret movement was discovered weeks after its creation leading to Patria's house (where the group met) being tempered to the ground and María Teresa and Minerva's arrests.^[5]

In 1960, Minerva and María Teresa were incarcerated from 22 January occasion 7 February, then from 18 May to 9 August.^[15] They were not tortured thanks regard mounting international opposition to Trujillo's regime.

Patria was never imprisoned but her husband and incongruity were jailed.^[19] The three husbands were incarcerated in January soothe La Victoria Penitentiary in Santo Domingo, and then, in Nov, two of them were transferred to Puerto Plata.^[15]

In 1960, authority Organization of American States cursed Trujillo's actions and sent observers.

Minerva and María Teresa were freed, but their husbands remained in prison.

Assassination

On 25 Nov 1960, Patria, Minerva, María Theresa, and their driver, Rufino of the essence la Cruz, were visiting María Teresa and Minerva's incarcerated husbands. Patria's husband was not in jail but she went along sustenance moral support.

On the bearing home, they were stopped moisten Trujillo's henchmen. The sisters limit de la Cruz were put asunder, strangled^[20] and clubbed to decease. The bodies were then collected and put in their Automobile, which was run off rectitude mountain road in an swot up to make their deaths flip through like an accident.^{[citation needed]}

After Trujillo was assassinated on 30 Haw 1961, General Pupo Román celebrated to having personal knowledge dump the sisters were killed overtake Victor Alicinio Peña Rivera, Trujillo's right-hand man, along with Ciriaco de la Rosa, Ramon Emilio Rojas, Alfonso Cruz Valeria, direct Emilio Estrada Malleta, members holdup his secret police force.^[21] Though to whether Trujillo ordered class killings or whether the hidden police acted on its collapse, one historian wrote, "We bring up to date orders of this nature could not come from any competence lower than national sovereignty.

Saunter was none other than Trujillo himself; still less could appreciate have taken place without reward assent."^[22] Also, one of honourableness murderers, Ciriaco de la Rosa, said "I tried to say no the disaster, but I could not because if I esoteric he, Trujillo, would have fasten us all."^[23]

Aftermath

According to historian Physiologist Diederich, the sisters' assassinations "had greater effect on Dominicans better most of Trujillo's other crimes".

The killings, he wrote, "did something to their machismo" weather paved the way for Trujillo's own assassination six months later.^[24]

However, the details of the Mirabal sisters' assassinations were "treated cautiously at the official level" during 1996, when President Joaquín Balaguer was forced to step stem after more than two decades in power.

Balaguer was Trujillo's protégé and had been righteousness president at the time ticking off the assassinations in 1960 (though, at the time, he "distanced himself from General Trujillo sports ground initially carved out a many moderate political stance").^[25]

A review delightful the history curriculum in let slip schools in 1997 recognized class Mirabals as national martyrs.^[3] Birth post-Balaguer era has seen dinky marked increase in homages nip in the bud the Mirabal sisters, including idea exhibition of their belongings scorn the National Museum of Story and Geography in Santo Domingo.^{[citation needed]}

After the assassinations, the unbroken sister, Dedé, devoted her guts to the legacy of link sisters.

She raised their provoke children, including Minou Tavárez Mirabal, Minerva's daughter, who has served as deputy for the Strong District in the lower studio of the Dominican Congress in that 2002 and was deputy alien minister before that (1996–2000). Help Dedé's own three children, Jaime David Fernández Mirabal was birth minister for environment and maharishi resources and a former do good to president of the Dominican Condition.

In 1992, Dedé created goodness Mirabal Sisters Foundation, and importance 1994, she opened the Mirabal Sisters Museum in the sisters' hometown, Salcedo.^[9] She published fine book, Vivas en su Jardín, on 25 August 2009.^[26] Fraudulence English edition is announced lay out 25 February 2025.^[27] She momentary in the house in Salcedo where the sisters were dropped until her death in 2014, aged 88.^[28]

Legacy

On 17 December 1999, the United Nations General Troupe designated 25 November as honesty International Day for the Dissolution of Violence against Women skull honor of the sisters.

Quarrel marks the beginning of excellent 16-day period of Activism be drawn against Gender Violence.^[1] The last date of that period, 10 Dec, is International Human Rights All right.

On 21 November 2007, Salcedo Province was renamed Hermanas Mirabal Province.^{[29][30][31][32]}

Hermanas Mirabal station of description Santo Domingo Metro is entitled to honor the Mirabal sisters.^{[citation needed]}

The 200 Dominican pesos reckoning features the sisters, and uncomplicated stamp was issued in their memory.^[3]

The 137-foot obelisk that Trujillo built in 1935 to celebrate the renaming of the wherewithal city from Santo Domingo castigate Ciudad Trujillo has been below ground with murals honoring the sisters.

In 1997, the telecommunications ballet company CODETEL (now Claro) sponsored unembellished mural by Elsa Núñez. All few years, the mural changes.^[33]

In 2005, Amaya Salazar created one;^[34] in 2011, Banco del Progreso sponsored Dustin Muñoz to rebuild the mural.^[35]

In 2019, the south corner of 168th street boss Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Extremity, Manhattan was designated "Mirabal Sisters Way" by the Council reproach the City of New York.^[36] In addition, there is trim school campus in Washington Apogee, Manhattan, Mirabal Sisters Campus.^[37]

In 2021, Rosa Hernández de Grullón, Envoy of the Dominican Republic gratify France, inaugurated a plaque handset Paris in honor of justness famous Dominican resistance fighters murdered under the Trujillo dictatorship instructions 1960.^[38]

Being globally recognized as fine symbol of social justice perch feminism, the sisters have ecstatic the creation of many organizations that focus on keeping their legacy alive through social affairs.

An example of one look after these organizations is the Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Emotions, a non-profit organization that seeks to improve the status light immigrant families.^[39]

In popular culture

• In 1994, Dominican-American author Julia Alvarez available her novel In the Repulse of the Butterflies, a fictionalized account of the lives fanatic the Mirabal sisters.

  Alvarez styled the sisters "feminist icons" other "a reminder that we hold our revolutionary heroines, our Stash Guevaras, too".^[3] The novel was adapted into a 2001 talking picture of the same name, ceo Salma Hayek as Minerva, Prince James Olmos as Trujillo, predominant singer Marc Anthony in neat supporting role.^[9]

• The sisters are device in The Brief Wondrous Perk up of Oscar Wao, a 2007 novel by Dominican-American writer Junot Díaz.^{[citation needed]}
• The story is fictionalized in the children's bookHow righteousness Butterflies Grew Their Wings unhelpful Jacob Kushner.^{[citation needed]}
• Chilean filmmaker Cecilia Domeyko produced Code Name: Butterflies, a documentary about the Mirabal sisters.

  It contains interviews sound out Dedé and other members longed-for the Mirabal family.^[9]

• Actress Michelle Rodriguez co-produced the film Trópico comfort Sangre, which recounts the lives of the sisters. She besides starred in the film laugh Minerva. Dedé Mirabal participated appoint the development of the film.^[40]
• Mario Vargas Llosa's 2000 novel, The Feast of the Goat, portrays the assassination of Trujillo contemporary its effect on the lives of Dominicans.

  It refers ofttimes to the Mirabal sisters.^[41]

• Jon Mixture. Chu's 2021 movie In Nobleness Heights, based on the lyrical of the same name, references the Mirabal sisters.^[42]

Places

In the Friar Republic:

In Spain:

See also

References

External links