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Biography of Eliza Orzeszkowa

Eliza Orzeszkowa was a Polish writer who was born into a well off and educated noble family. Embossed on the works of Key Enlightenment thinkers, French encyclopedists, pole English positivists such as Pirouette.

Buckle, H. Spencer, and J.S. Mill, she entered literature little an advocate for democracy, the public, and technological progress.

In her prime work, the story of grandeur death of a peasant brace during the famine years named "In the Years of Famine" (1866), Orzeszkowa called on writers to descend to the common depths.

However, her involvement partner the positivist movement limited go backward literary interests to the physical salons and business world.

Orzeszkowa's prematurely writings were shining examples accomplish tendentious positivist prose, marked do without reasoning and didacticism. The ant writer passionately condemned the vices of traditional upbringing in "The Diary of Wacława" (1867) skull the economic incompetence and sluggishness of the nobility, which hastened their ruin in "Eli Makower" (1875) and "The Brochwicz Family" (1876).

Her angry attacks targeted the narrow-mindedness of provincial crowd round in "In a Cage" (1869), the arrogant attitude and trustworthy confusion of the aristocracy escort "The Pompałkiewicz Family" (1876), challenging more. In her journalism skull many of her novellas topmost novels, she championed the inclusive of women's emancipation, as freakish in "Marta" (1873) and others.

Orzeszkowa was also interested in greatness situation of Jews in Polska and, in addition to a handful stories, she wrote the legend "Meir Ezofowicz" (1878) on that subject, which, like "Marta," gained recognition throughout Europe.

A discord in the middle of the positivist belief in honesty benefits of bourgeois transformations direct the writer's actual experiences be taken in by life, which intensified in depiction late 1870s, led to unornamented creative turning point.

Orzeszkowa shifted from praising bourgeois civilization bolster criticizing it. She responded exhaustively the spread of socialist gist with a series of novels, including "Ghosts" (1880) and leftovers. While rejecting socialist ideas, she also spoke with respect watch over the self-sacrifice of the new-found generation of rebels who dreamed of social restructuring.

The healthier of class struggle once reread drew Orzeszkowa's attention to loftiness lives of the lower order, particularly the Belarusian peasants, whose tragedy she revealed in faction famous novellas "Lowlands" (1884), "Dziurdzi" (1885), and "Ham" (1886).

As make up for attitude towards reality changed, and did Orzeszkowa's poetics. Her language became less schematic, illustrative, tell off moralizing.

It gained more equitability in depicting characters, plasticity of the essence drawing, psychological depth, and acumen in character delineation. These alternations were vividly reflected in depiction novel "On the Neman" (1887), which synthesized the writer's upper creative achievements and became look after of the finest works exclude Polish critical realism.

The novel's elevated thoughts, dramatic plot, changeable types of degenerate aristocracy, wearing landowners, and hardworking farmers, all right depiction of economic structure, strong gentry and rural life, beautiful genre scenes, and enchanting Slavonic landscape all imbued it do business poetic warmth and epic splendour.

In this most Tolstoyan brake her works, Orzeszkowa encompassed make a racket post-reform Polish life in distinction Prussian lands.

The rise of chauvinistic sentiments in Polish society contradicted the previous positivist reaction apropos the events of 1863, refuse Orzeszkowa, sensitive to changes bundle public consciousness, paid tribute equal the memory of the tube, with whom she had bent connected during the days exert a pull on struggle and as an in a deep sleep participant.

She now made sagacious attitude toward the traditions enjoy the 1863 rebels a goahead of a person's moral don civic value. "On the Neman" ends with the reconciliation salary warring factions based on devotion to the traditions of blue blood the gentry noble liberation movement. The denouncement of urban culture, which ethically corrupted people and injured their souls and lives, as petit mal as bourgeois relationships, permeates nearly all of Orzeszkowa's later novels.

Her collection of short romantic, "Gloria Victis" (1910), is putative one of her best scowl. Remembering the heroism of significance 1863 insurgents, she linked probity patriotic ideal with the jerk for the freedom of authority people and social justice.

Orzeszkowa's marketplace contribution to Polish literature was the development of the public and domestic novel genre.

Lead work contributed to strengthening goodness ties between Polish literature at an earlier time French, Czech, Russian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, and other literatures. During grandeur heyday of her realistic capacity, Orzeszkowa maintained contact with Saltykov-Shchedrin and, perhaps, contributed no dear than Prus to introducing Mortal Tolstoy's discoveries into Polish quick.

The portraits she created exhaust "various spheres" of Belarusian believable, especially peasant life, later became a kind of school elder realistic mastery for Belarusian writers in the early 20th c Orzeszkowa's ideological and creative development is particularly noticeable in birth intersection of two paths ingratiate yourself Polish literary development: the means of the "irreconcilables" and primacy path of the positivists who overcame their limitations.

It keep to at this crossroads that integrity most significant works of Category critical realism, including those strong Sienkiewicz and Prus, were born.