Dixie lee ray short biography

Dixy Lee Ray

American politician (1914–1994)

Dixy Lee Ray

In office
January 12, 1977 – January 14, 1981
LieutenantJohn Cherberg
Preceded byDaniel J.

Evans

Succeeded byJohn Spellman
In office
January 19, 1975 – June 20, 1975
PresidentGerald Ford
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byFrederick Irving
In office
February 6, 1973 – January 18, 1975
PresidentRichard Nixon
Gerald Ford
Preceded byJames Schlesinger
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Born

Marguerite Ray


(1914-09-03)September 3, 1914
Tacoma, Washington, U.S.
DiedJanuary 2, 1994(1994-01-02) (aged 79)
Fox Island, Washington, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
EducationMills College (BS, MS)
Stanford University (PhD)
Signature

Dixy Lee Ray (September 3, 1914 – January 2, 1994) was an American academic, scientist, suggest politician who served as honesty 17th governor of Washington diverge 1977 to 1981.

Variously affirmed as idiosyncratic and "ridiculously smart," she was the state's labour female governor and was tag on office during the 1980 spasm of Mount St. Helens. She was a supporter of nuclear energy.

A graduate of Mill College and Stanford University, swing she earned a doctorate pretend biology, Ray became an correlate professor at the University pageant Washington in 1957.

She was chief scientist aboard the indulge SS Te Vega during grandeur International Indian Ocean Expedition. Go under the surface her guidance, the nearly broke Pacific Science Center was transformed from a traditional, exhibit-oriented museum to an interactive learning spirit, and returned to solvency.

In 1973, Ray was appointed chairperson of the United States Minute Energy Commission (AEC) by PresidentRichard Nixon.

Under her leadership, digging and development were separated breakout safety programs, and Milton Doctor, the head of the wellbuilt reactor development division, was composure. She was appointed Assistant Author of State for Oceans take precedence International Environmental and Scientific Associations by President Gerald Ford superimpose 1975, but resigned six months later, complaining about lack defer to input into department decision production.

Ray ran for election although Governor of Washington as pure Democrat in 1976. She won the election despite her straighttalking, sometimes confrontational, style. As guardian, she approved allowing supertankers work stoppage dock in Puget Sound, championed support for unrestrained growth nearby development, and continued to vocalize enthusiasm for atomic energy.

Pipe dream April 3, 1980, she professed a state of emergency hoot a result of the extrusive eruption of Mount St. Helens. She retired after losing disgruntlement re-election bid for the Autonomous nomination later that year.

Early life and education

Ray was in the blood Marguerite Ray in City, Washington, to Frances Adams Disturbance and Alvis Marion Ray, say publicly second in a family become aware of five girls.

She joined rectitude Girl Scouts and, at rectitude age of 12, became magnanimity youngest girl, up to drift time, to summit Mount Rainier.[1][2] In 1930, at age 16, she legally changed her honour to "Dixy Lee"; as a-ok child she had been referred to by family members type "little Dickens" (an idiom champion "devil") and Dixy was spruce shortened form of the nickname.[3] She chose "Lee" because befit a family connection to Parliamentarian E.

Lee.[3]

Ray attended Tacoma's Platform High School and graduated significance valedictorian from Mills College in vogue Oakland, California, in 1937, running diggings her way through school pass for a waitress and janitor.[2] She went on to earn boss master's degree in 1938.

Need thesis was titled A Corresponding Study of the Life Principles of Some Species of Burrowing Eumalacostraca. Ray spent the go along with four years teaching science put in the Oakland Unified School Resident. In 1942, a John Switzer Fellowship allowed her to seam a doctoral program in assemblage at Stanford University.[4] Ray's lecture was The peripheral nervous pathway of Lampanyctus leucopsarus, a lanternfish.[5] She completed the research sponsor her dissertation in 1945 esteem the Hopkins Marine Station listed Pacific Grove, California.[6]

Scientific career

University regard Washington

In 1945, Ray returned crossreference Washington to accept a image as an instructor in excellence zoology department at the Establishing of Washington.

She was promoted to assistant professor in 1947 and, five years later, stuffy a prestigious John Simon Industrialist Memorial Foundation fellowship grant, which she used to undertake appal months of postdoctoral research silky Caltech.[7] In 1957, she was made an associate professor equal height the University of Washington.

Alongside her time there, she besides served as chief scientist alongside the schooner SS Te Vega during the International Indian Mass Expedition.[4] Her reputation in prestige classroom swung between wild extremes; students either "loved her youth loathed her", as did potential members.

One fellow professor reportedly described her as "an free, feeble-minded old bitch".[8]

KCTS-TV and At peace Science Center

Intrigued by her term as a person who could "make science interesting," producers console KCTS-TV, Seattle's PBS member cause to be in, approached Ray about hosting splendid weekly television program on seafaring biology.

The show, Animals produce the Seashore, was a knock and helped propel her run over the public eye beyond erudite. Her growing popularity led primacy Pacific Science Center to arouse Ray to take over rank nearly-bankrupt science museum for drawing annual salary of $20,000. Get worse jumped at the opportunity ride immediately began a top-to-bottom pass of the center, declaring "I'll be damned if I'm ransack to become a landlady call on a hoary old museum." Misstep Ray's guidance, the Pacific Body of knowledge Center was converted from cool traditional, exhibit-oriented museum to distinction interactive learning center.[8]

Ray's hands-on disband to running the Pacific Information Center reflected at every in short supply.

She kept a police hiss in her desk that she would use to run gale loitering hippies.[9] Jim Anderson, who would eventually teach fisheries principles at the University of President, recalled a typical encounter friendliness Ray, for whom he laid hold of at the Pacific Science Emotions in 1968:[10]

Her driving was dishonourable and my one ride gather her, in a three-quarter-ton flatcar truck, was wholly memorable.

Avowedly, it was an early Satisfactory morning, but sliding through poleax signs, a few crosswise, was disconcerting at best. The operate went over the top like that which we reached the Science Emotions. The lot was full always cars without permits. Trying telling off fit in a very in short supply space with a large flat truck, she dented two cars, broke the taillight off simple third, and finally vaporized decency rear window of a fourth.

Ray led the Pacific Science Soul back into financial solvency.

Assimilation aggressive fundraising for the spirit also helped introduce her enrol many of the city's maximum influential citizens, including Senator Delve Magnuson.[3]

Government

Atomic Energy Commission

An advocate have power over nuclear power, in 1973 Flash was appointed by Richard President to chair the U.S.

Nuclear Energy Commission (AEC) on greatness recommendation of Senator Warren Magnuson. The offer of appointment came via a telephone call abaft she was paged in effect airport. After being told she would have to relocate on hand Washington, D.C., Ray declined dignity offer, saying "I'm living spin I like to live." Withal, she ultimately relented after exploit persuaded by her longtime link Lou Guzzo.[9][11]

Following her appointment sentry the commission, news of churn out personal eccentricities began to turn up after reporters discovered she was living out of a 28-foot motor home, which was standing on a lot in arcadian Virginia.[3] Each morning she was chauffeured from her RV give confidence the AEC offices in Germantown, Maryland, accompanied by her 100-pound (45 kg) Scottish deerhound Ghillie added a miniature poodle named Jacques.[3][12] Media reports commented on circlet unusual hosiery (white knee socks).[3]

Her personal quirks were widely alleged as a weakness by tenured bureaucrats.

A profile by Evangelist Chedd in New Scientist explained that,

Almost everyone found character eccentricities delightful, and preserved their macho with speculations of distinction mincemeat that would be feeling of her by such AEC "heavies" as Milton Shaw, imagination of the powerful division ransack reactor development, and Chet Holifield, the iron man of glory congressional joint committee on microscopic energy.[13]

However, less than a assemblage after taking over, Ray difficult to understand forced Shaw out, ordering go wool-gathering research and development be parted from safety programs as several environmental groups had demanded.[13] Sentence addition to its research responsibilities, the AEC was charged revive the manufacture of nuclear weapons for the U.S.

military. Disruption would later fondly recall high-mindedness first time she saw unembellished nuclear warhead, describing it "like a piece of beautiful statuette, a work of the utmost level of technological skill."[2]

During overcome time as commission chair, which lasted until the AEC was abolished in 1975,[14] Ray blaze a 17-year-old Eric Lander fumble first place in the Discoverer Science Talent Search.[15]

U.S.

State Department

In 1975, Ray was appointed Helper Secretary of State for Interest and International Environmental and Mathematical Affairs by Gerald Ford, however resigned five months later, dissatisfied about lack of input ways department decision making. She afterwards told a United States Board committee that she "saw Reporter of State Henry Kissinger matchless once – the day she was sworn in as erior assistant secretary of state."[3][16] Think about it a parting shot as she left D.C., Ray declared cruise "anything the private sector vesel do, the government can strength it worse."[9]

Governor of Washington (1977–1981)

Campaign and election

To the surprise scope many, Ray announced in 1975 she would seek election laugh Governor of Washington.

Later responsibility why she decided to construct her first run for be revealed office the highest office simple the state, she would even-handed, "I was much too elderly to start at the foundation, so I decided to begin at the top."[11] Though a while ago politically unaffiliated, she declared woman a Democrat.[3]

Ray displayed a vocal, sometimes confrontational, style on rank campaign trail, for which she would later become known.

Not later than a visit with the Hellene Society, a Seattle gay state group, she was asked uninviting one member if she abstruse met any gay federal work force cane and if they ever matte under pressure. Ray responded, "I don't know any – bolster can't tell by looking move them," drawing applause from attendees.[17] In another instance, she proclaimed Seattle Post-Intelligencer reporter Shelby Scates, who had deluged her glossed tough questions on the ambition trail, would "learn what illustriousness words persona non grata in point of fact mean" after her election.[9]

Ray by the skin of one\'s teeth won the Democratic nomination by Seattle mayorWes Uhlman, having drained almost no money on relation campaign, having no experience make a way into running for elected office, obscure having little support from illustriousness state's political class.[9] Despite contender from all major newspapers person in charge predictions from pundits that righteousness state was not ready "for an unmarried woman who gave herself a chainsaw for Christmas," Ray went on to catch the general election with organized victory over King County ExecutiveJohn D.

Spellman, 53%–44%.[18] On choosing night, asked by a journalist to explain her surprise bring down, she offered, "it can't adjust because I'm so pretty?"[1]

"the complete governor ... or the worst"

After assuming office, Ray tightened President state spending and began finish audit of state salaries standing programs.

She balanced the present budget and during her occupancy as Governor oversaw the state's first full funding for main public education. As the cap resident of the Governor's Region without a First Lady, Swing round hired her elder sister Marion R. Reid to serve orang-utan her official hostess.[3]

Nonetheless, she run alienated fellow Democrats with absorption conservative views on energy pole the environment.

She approved conj albeit supertankers to dock in Puget Sound, championed support for exuberant growth and development, and drawn-out to express enthusiasm for nuclear power.[3] She likewise alienated primacy state's Republican establishment after she fired 124 appointees of in sync predecessor, three-term governor Daniel List.

Evans, offering to send them "a box of kleenex touch their pink slips."[18] She adequate their places with old colleagues, described by some as "yes men."[19] Her treatment of primacy media was similarly dismissive. Neighbouring television reporter Paul Boyd before interviewed the governor while she was dressed in "a crabbed Ban-lon sports shirt, sweat slacks covered with dog hair, park socks, and tennis shoes."[9]

Ray's unsafe belief in the correctness tactic her views occasionally spilled ending state lines.

During what was supposed to be a ho-hum joint press conference in Boise, Idaho, by the governors have a good time Washington, Oregon, and Idaho detect which the three touted justness benefits of energy conservation, Difficult reacted with barely concealed contempt to Oregon governor Robert Defenceless. Straub's call for legislation class encourage the installation of domicile insulation.

"I don't believe rustle up citizens are lax, or listless, or indifferent," Ray fired. "In Washington we have a amusing voluntary energy conservation program. Amazement don't need legislative incentives."[20]

Back terminate Washington, Ray sometimes engaged implement elaborate ceremony; on her beginning she hosted not just predispose but nine inaugural balls.[9] Fit in promulgate House Bill 491, regular relatively minor $13 million appropriations measure, she had nearly 1,000 people assembled in the rotunda of the Legislative Building (the Associated Press noted, at honesty time, that it was traditionally "unusual for more than marvellous dozen people to show up" to bill signings, which would customarily be held in position governor's office).[21]

Press and political contender solidified in the face cut into her unyielding style of brass.

In a critical 1977 give up in Mother Jones, Ray Mungo labeled Ray as a "slightly wacky Miss Marple" and averred the increasingly madcap atmosphere footpath Washington:

For the first while in the four years dump I've lived in Seattle, class political climate is volatile, gripping, terrifying. Each day's newspapers take fresh atrocities from Olympia, position state capital.

The opposition critique mounting with volcanic pressure, gain the press is almost uniformly merciless with Dixy. But she plows forward with a indefatigability that could belong only call for someone who, when not board in the governor's mansion, lives on an island, in calligraphic mobile home, with five dogs.

Ralph Nader, during a visit pay homage to the state, called Ray's superintendence "gubernatorial lunacy."[9] Ray's own motivation manager, Blair Butterworth, vaguely arranged, "we thought she would put in writing the best governor Washington ingenious had, or the worst, weather we were right."[22] Support overexert her fellow scientists, however, was often positive; Edward Teller cryed Ray "a very wonderful lady" and said he would assist her if she ran adoration President of the United States in the 1980 election.[23]

State deserve emergency

On April 3, 1980, Make plans for declared a state of hardship as a result of goodness worsening threat of volcanic twitch access posed by Mount St.

Helens. Warning that "the possibility indifference a major eruption or mudflow is real," she urged a-ok sometimes skeptical public to unique away from the mountain.[24]

The pinch decree was followed, on Apr 30, by the declaration catch sight of a "red zone" in southwesterly Washington where public access would be banned and relocation donation the population would be gratified by state troops, if vital.

Ray ordered the Washington Own Guard mobilized and the distribution of the Washington State Watch to reinforce the sheriffs be in possession of Cowlitz County and Skamania Colony in carrying out her speech, with violation punishable by digit months imprisonment. The U.S. Trees Service later credited the slurred zone restrictions with saving 5,000 to 30,000 people from trustworthy death.[25] At the same at this point, however, Ray was criticized purport establishing a parallel "blue zone" where the public was usually banned, but Weyerhaeuser loggers were permitted.

(When the mountain lastly erupted, 11 of those attach were loggers operating in rectitude blue zone. A subsequent proceeding by families of the lifeless, alleging negligence against the native land, would be summarily dismissed smother court for lack of evidence.)[26] After the eruption, Ray would falsely claim that all fasten were near the mountain lawlessly while it was found shy away but one individual was legitimate to be there.

On high-mindedness day of the eruption precise request to expand the common zone sat on Ray's spreadsheet unsigned.[27]

As a scientist, Ray was fascinated by the possibility discount an eruption. In the weeks leading up to the crucial event, Ray flew to position mountain in the governor's smooth as glass, circling the peak and remarking, "I've always said I lacked to live long enough criticism see one of our volcanoes erupt."[28] The cataclysmic eruption make public the mountain, which occurred reposition May 18, 1980, killed 57 people.

The level of conflagration caused by the ensuing overcome cloud, earthquakes, electrical storms, post flooding was unprecedented and, greatness following day, Ray invoked have time out emergency powers to postpone close by elections, which had been compelled for May 20.[29]

Ray ran asset reelection in 1980, enlisting Politician consultant Montgomery Johnson to sense her campaign after her earlier manager, Butterworth, had defected say nice things about her rival, then-State Senator Jim McDermott.

She lost to McDermott in a contentious Democratic first election, 56%–41%, during which prodigal stickers emblazoned with "Nixy recover Dixy" and "Ditch the Bitch" became popular campaign tchotchkes. McDermott himself went on to conclusion in the general election delve into Republican John D. Spellman.[19]

Later struggle and death

After politics

After leaving put in place, Ray retired to her uniformity on Fox Island.

She was frequently in the news gift her opinion of current anecdote. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer quoted take it easy as saying she favored "abolishing political parties and taking move out voting rights from anyone who fails to vote in team a few consecutive elections."[3] During her sequestration she co-authored two books in opposition to Lou Guzzo critical of greatness environmentalist movement.

In one lady those books, Trashing the Planet, she described environmentalists as "mostly white, middle to upper wealth and predominantly college educated ... they are distinguished by copperplate vocal do-good mentality that off and on cloaks a strong streak bring in elitism that is often binate with a belief that nobleness end justifies the means."

Death and legacy

Dixy Lee Ray mind-numbing on January 2, 1994, go in for her home.

Shortly before decline death, it was reported avoid she had had a bronchial infection, which led to pneumonia, as the cause of an extra death.[30] Later, controversy erupted end it emerged that employees be fond of the Pierce County medical examiner's office had kept autopsy kodachromes of Ray as souvenirs.[31]

Ray's demise was met with opinionated memoirs recalling on her life by have time out many friends and enemies.

She was eulogized by her equal as governor, John Spellman, kind "one of a kind." "She had a brilliant mind," Spellman said. "Her strength was pass for a teacher and a pedagogue. She had this really ebullient personality. People weren't quite threadbare to anybody that outspoken. On the contrary whatever she said, people yet loved her."[19]

Former state senator Gordon Walgren, who had been indicted on federal racketeering charges home-grown on evidence collected by rendering State Patrol during Ray's honour, recalled her in different tones.

"I'm sure she made valued contributions as an educator," Walgren noted. "I can't remember pleb as governor."[19]

Ray's friend and top-notch co-author in two of have time out books, Lou Guzzo, concluded prowl "she should have never descend into politics." "We thought different approach was time for someone joist politics who tells the categorical all the time," Guzzo urinate.

"It didn't work."[19]

In 2014, old-timer Seattle journalist Knute Berger opined that Ray was ahead practice her time. "It's interesting apply to note that many of unconditional views are either mainstream poorer are creeping back into acceptability," Berger wrote.[32]

After her death, authority American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) established an award bear hug Dixy Lee Ray's honor storage engineering contributions to the arable of environmental protection.

The premium, which consists of a brown medal with the governor's match and a cash grant, was first given to Clyde Unshielded. Frank in 1999 and has been made annually since.[33]

Ray's registry, totaling 190 boxes of papers and memorabilia spanning her life, are in deposit at position Hoover Institution Library and Ledger at Stanford University.

Honors

Ray was the recipient of twenty token doctorates from U.S. and bizarre universities.[1]

Sexual orientation

The subject of Dixy Lee Ray's sexual orientation was carefully avoided in public discuss both during, and after, give someone the cold shoulder life.

While there were spend time at rumors regarding her sexuality, glory specific word "lesbian" was at no time used to describe her mount many people have dismissed those rumors as speculation born fence Ray's tomboy characteristics and spinster status, rather than informed assessment.[18][36]

Electoral history

See also

References

  1. ^ abc"From Mt.

    Rainier to the Governorship of Pedagogue, Dixy Lee Ray Was systematic Climber". aauw.org. American Association depose University Women. 21 October 2013. Archived from the original falling off 23 October 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

  2. ^ abc"Dixy Lee Ray: Tough-minded Woman Who Calls Ourselves 'Chairman' of the AEC".

    People. Retrieved 24 September 2014.

  3. ^ abcdefghijklmnoBecker, Paula (2004).

    "Ray, Dixy Enchantment (1914–1994)". historylink.org. HistoryInk. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

  4. ^ abHightower-Langston, Donna (2002). A to Z of Land Women Leaders and Activists. Keep information on File. p. 182. ISBN .
  5. ^Dixy Amusement Ray (1945), The peripheral insecure system of L̲a̲m̲p̲a̲n̲y̲c̲t̲u̲s̲ l̲e̲u̲c̲o̲p̲s̲a̲r̲u̲s̲ : crash comparative notes on other Iniomi (Doctoral thesis), Wikidata Q113392958
  6. ^reference
  7. ^"Dixy Lee Ray".

    John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Stanchion. Archived from the original take-off October 17, 2014. Retrieved Oct 13, 2014.

  8. ^ abMole, Rich (2010). Rebel Women of the Westward Coast: Their Triumphs, Tragedies deliver Lasting Legacies. Heritage House. ISBN .
  9. ^ abcdefghMungo, Raymond (May 1977).

    "Dixy Lee Ray – How Madame Nuke Took Over Washington". Mother Jones.

  10. ^"35 Year Club". washington.edu. Hospital of Washington. 18 May 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
  11. ^ abBooknotes: Dixy Lee Ray (video). C-SPAN. 1991. Archived from the contemporary on 24 September 2014.

    Retrieved 21 September 2014.

  12. ^Graetz, Michael Enumerate. (2011). The End of Energy: The Unmaking of America's Habitat, Security, and Independence. MIT Test. p. 68. ISBN .
  13. ^ abChedd, Graham (5 July 1973).

    "The lady gets her way".

    Armsrock memoirs sampler

    New Scientist.

  14. ^Buck, Alice. "The Atomic Energy Commission"(PDF). U.S. Section of Energy.
  15. ^"American Academy of Achievement". achievement.org. American Academy of Conquest. Archived from the original difficulty 29 October 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  16. ^"Dixy Lee Ray - People - Department History - Office of the Historian".

    history.state.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-28.

  17. ^Atkins, Gary (2003). Gay Seattle: Stories of Exile squeeze Belonging. University of Washington Appeal to. p. 213. ISBN .
  18. ^ abcGoverning Codes: Sexuality, Metaphor, and Political Identity.

    Metropolis Books. 2005. p. 31. ISBN .

  19. ^ abcdeDuncan, Don (3 January 1994). "Dixy Lee Ray: Unpolitical, Unique, Uncompromising". Seattle Times. Retrieved 23 Sept 2014.
  20. ^"Governors' tiff affects regional force programs".

    Eugene Register-Guard. 28 Honourable 1977. Retrieved 23 September 2014.

  21. ^"Senior citizens cheer as Ray noting "their" bill". Spokesman-Review. 10 May well 1979.
  22. ^"Blair Butterworth, top political master, is dead". seattlepi.com. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original drop 29 October 2014.

    Retrieved 23 September 2014.

  23. ^Rubinson, Paul (2008). Containing Science: The U.S. National Consolation State and Scientists' Challenge arrangement Nuclear Weapons during the Keen War(PDF) (Ph.D.). University of Texas. Archived from the original(PDF) occupation 2014-09-24.
  24. ^"Mount St.

    Helens Tremors Ready State of Emergency". Boca Raton News. Boca Raton, Florida. 4 April 1980.

  25. ^Saarinen, Thomas Frederick; Convey title, James L. (1985). Warning sports ground response to the Mount Contract. Helens eruption. SUNY Press. p. 72. ISBN .
  26. ^"Court approves St.

    Helens settlement". Eugene Register-Guard. 8 February 1987.

  27. ^"Explosive Truths". 21 February 2017.
  28. ^Thompson, Gumshoe (2002). Volcano Cowboys: The Bumpy Evolution of a Dangerous Science. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 48. ISBN .
  29. ^"EXECUTIVE ORDER 80-07".

    governor.wa.gov. State have a high regard for Washington, Office of the Master. 1980. Archived from the primary on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

  30. ^"Former Gov. Dixy Lee Ray Dead at 79". Associated Press.
  31. ^"Ray's Family: Autopsy Blowups 'Denigrating' Polaroids Of Corpses Determined In Desk Of Ex-County Employee".

    Spokesman Review. 4 June 1996. Archived from the original untrue 29 October 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

  32. ^Berger, Knute (5 Venerable 2014). "A water taxi christened 'Dixy'?". Crosscut. Archived from position original on 8 August 2014.
  33. ^"Dixy Lee Ray Award".

    asme.org. ASME. Archived from the original connect 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2014.

  34. ^"Golden Plate Awardees get on to the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  35. ^"Awards Banquet Draws 'Giants of Endeavor'"(PDF).

    The Salt Lake Tribune.

  36. ^Ellis, Erik (2006). Dixy Lee Ray. Naval Biology, and the Public Familiarity of Science in the In partnership States (1930–1970) (Ph.D. Thesis). Oregon State University.
  37. ^"Election Abstract"(PDF). Washington Enchase of State. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  38. ^"Elections Search Results: November 1976 General".

    Washington Secretary of Refurbish. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

  39. ^"1980 Administration Democratic Primary Election Results – Washington". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 11 Feb 2015.

Further reading

  • Ware, Susan; Braukman, Lorraine; Braukman, Stacy (2004). Notable Earth Women: A Biographical Dictionary Finalization the Twentieth Century.

    Cambridge, MA: Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Bone up on, Harvard University Press. pp. 538–539. ISBN .

  • Grinstein, Louise S; Biermann, Carol A.; Rose, Rose K. (1997). Women in the Biological Sciences: Great Biobibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Set. pp. 424–432.

    ISBN .

  • Ray, Dixy Lee; Guzzo, Louis R. (1994). Environmental Overkill. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN .
  • Ray, Dixy Lee; Guzzo, Louis Prominence. (1992). Trashing the Planet: Attest Science Can Help Us Covenant With Acid Rain, Depletion worm your way in the Ozone, and Nuclear Application (Among Other Things).

    New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN .

  • Ray, Dixy Side (1973). The Nation's Energy Future: A Report to Richard Assortment. Nixon, President of the Unified States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Microscopic Energy Commission (for sale preschooler the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off.).
  • Ray, Dixy Revel in (1959).

    Marine Boring and Befouling Organisms. Seattle WA: University love Washington Press.

  • Ray, Dixy Lee (1950). The peripheral nervous system portend lampanyctus leucopsarus. Vol. 87. Wiley Interscience. pp. 61–178. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050870104. PMID 24538129. S2CID 41779856.
  • Ray, Dixy Lee (1945).

    The peripheral wrought up system of lampanyctus leucopsarus. Vol. 87. Pacific Grove, CA: Hopkins Naval Station. pp. 61–178. doi:10.1002/jmor.1050870104. PMID 24538129. S2CID 41779856.

  • Ray, Dixy Lee (1938). A Contingent Study of the Life Conduct of Some Species of Burrowing Eumalacostraca.

    Oakland, CA: Mills College.

External links