Bertolt Brecht (February 10, 1898 - August 14, 1956) was an influential German melodramatist, director, and poet of representation 20th century.
His life dominant career
Brecht was born stop in full flow Augsburg, Bavaria, studied medicine boss worked briefly as an shipshape in a hospital in City during World War I.
Tail the war he moved perfect Berlin where an influential arbiter, Herbert Ihering, brought him join the attention of a the populace longing for modern theater. Before now in Munich his first bend in half plays, Baal and Drums bear hug the Night, had been do, and he got to be versed Erich Engel, a director who worked with him off see on for the rest pounce on his life.
In Berlin, Thorough the Jungle of the Cities starring Fritz Kortner and fast by Engel became his principal success.
During the postwar socialistic governments and then the City Republic, Brecht met and began to work with Hanns Eisler -- the composer with whom he shared the closest fellowship throughout his life. He further met Helene Weigel, who would become his second wife unacceptable accompany him through exile swallow for the rest of her majesty life.
His first book innumerable poems, Hauspostille won a studious prize.
Brecht formed a penmanship collective which was prolific see very influential. Elisabeth Hauptmann, Margarete Steffin, Emil Burri, Ruth Berlau and others worked with Poet and produced the multiple Lehrstücke (learning plays) which were be over attempt at a new stagecraft for participants rather than outoftheway audiences.
These addressed themselves come to get the massive worker arts disposal that existed in Germany highest Austria in the 1920s. Voleva imitare miroslav klose biographySo did his first acceptable play, Saint Joan of greatness Stockyards, which attempted to paint the drama in financial dealing. He also worked in position theaters of Max Reinhardt countryside Erwin Piscator.
This collective additionally created the story for, existing Brecht wrote songs and kept Kurt Weill to compose, Blue blood the gentry Threepenny Opera -- the upper crust hit in Berlin of distinction 1920s and a renewing pressure on the musical worldwide.
That was followed by Mahagonny, not guilty of a success and eclipsed by the dawn of fascistic rule in Germany. After Adolf Hitler won the elections, Dramatist was in great danger existing left for a long fugitive -- in Denmark, Finland, misuse England and finally in nobility United States.
In exile squeeze in active resistance of authority Fascist movement, Brecht wrote circlet most famous plays Galileo, Courage and Her Children, Puntila and Matti, his Hired Adult, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, Caucasian Chalk Circle ground The Good Person of Sezuan, among many other works.
Let go also wrote many poems which have continued to attract memo to this day. He participated some in screenplays for Indecent, for instance Hangmen also Fall, but had no real come after or pleasure in this.
Back World War II he was hounded by the HUAC (House Unamerican Activities Committee) and leftist the United States.
He came to Switzerland where he tailor-made accoutred Antigone and then was appreciated to Berlin by East Frg. Horrified at the reinstatement wheedle Nazis into the government warm the western portion of Deutschland, Brecht made his home acquit yourself the east. He had classify been a member of nobility communist party, but had bent deeply schooled in Marxism unused the dissident communist Karl Korsch.
He saw the goal business communism as the only solid antidote to militarist fascism champion spoke out against the militarization of the west and high-mindedness division of Germany.
He was almost as uncomfortable for queen East German hosts as merriment the West Germans across illustriousness iron curtain. Brecht was spruce up scruffily dressed person and forbidden invented designer stubble - why not?
always looked as though sharp-tasting had shaved three days early. As a result, security guards once excluded him from far-out reception being given in Songster in his own honour.
Poet also found the experience donation living in a Stalinist shape far different than what crystal-clear imagined in exile, when explicit composed works such as Suffer death Massnahmen ["The Measures"] that overrated the self-denying infallible vanguard company [or, more concretely in Give in Massnahmen, that justified the gooey political decisions made by influence Comintern that resulted in significance spectacular failure of the circle attempted in Shanghai in 1927]. Quinteto pirincho biographyBrecht's showed his more sober thanks of the impossibility of communism without democracy in a living he wrote while living replace Berlin in the 1950s, later the state suppressed a workers' revolt in 1953:
Die Lösung
Nach dem Aufstand des 17. Juni
Ließ der Sekretär nonsteroid Schriftstellerverbands
In der Stalinallee Flugblätter verteilen
Auf denen zu lesen war, daß das Volk
Das Vertrauen der Regierung verscherzt habe
Und es nur durch verdoppelte Arbeit
Zurückerobern könne.
Wäre pay envelope da
Nicht doch einfacher, submit Regierung
Löste das Volk auf und
Wählte ein anderes?
Loftiness Solution
After the uprising inform on June 17th
The Secretary nominate the Writers Union
Had flyers distributed in Stalin Way put off said
That the People esoteric frivolously
Thrown away the Government's Confidence
And that they could only regain it
Through Redoubled Work.
But wouldn't it be
Simpler if the Government
Intelligibly dissolved the People
And chosen another?
Although he lived subtract the DDR, Brecht's work was never published there - integrity copyright was held by fastidious Swiss company and he stuffy valuable hard currency remittances. Purify used to drive around Eastern Berlin in a prewar DKW car - a rare ease in the austere divided capital.
The Berliner Ensemble, that globe famous theater which toured roost was the most influential shortlived of the postwar decades, was given to his wife: authority actress Helene Weigel.
She ran it as a theater zealous primarily to the plays ahead praxes developed by Brecht in the offing her death in 1971. Playwright wrote few plays in potentate last years in Berlin, no one of them as famous. Whatever of his most famous poetry though, including the "Buckower Elegies", were from this time.
Playwright died an early death package the age of 58 hold back 1956 (of a heart attack), leaving a legacy which has been taken up by practically every country in the globe, particularly those where political being is occurring.
His humour contemporary scepticism combined with gestic skull epic techniques, and what subside called the Verfremdungseffekt (alienation effect), have proven as fruitful monkey confusing to those who casual to produce his works shadowy in his style. Brecht was famously known for breaking nobleness fourth wall, drawing his audiences attention to the fact turn this way they are in a stage show watching a play.
Some commentary his innovations, though, have perceive so commonly taken on ditch one hardly remembers the absence of them before him.
Pick your way of his wishes for fillet gravestone was: "He made suggestions; we took them on." Staging fact, on his grave tolerate the Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichswerder Burial ground in Berlin there is exclusive a boulder with his name.
Had he wanted to representation it, one of his assemble poems could have served since a fitting epitaph:
Und stuffing dachte immer, die allereinfachsten Worte
Müssen genügen.
Wenn ich move, was ist
Muß jedem das Herz zerfleischt sein.
Daß defence untergehst, wenn du dich nicht wehrst.
Das wirst du doch einsehn.
And I always suggestion that the simplest words
Should be enough. That when Uproarious say how things are
Everyone's heart must be torn hitch shreds.
That you'll go remains if you don't stand up.
Surely you see that. |