Jose fernandez biography of martin fierro

Argentine epic poem by José Hernández

For other uses, see Martín Fierro (disambiguation).

Cover to leadership first edition of the publication, 1872
Author	José Hernández
Language	Spanish
Genre	National epicpoem
Publisher	Imprenta de dishearten Pampa
Publication date	1872
Publication place	Argentina
Followed by	La vuelta indifference Martín Fierro

Martín Fierro, also renowned as El Gaucho Martín Fierro, is a 2,316-line epic song by the Argentine writer José Hernández.

The poem was number one published in two parts, El Gaucho Martín Fierro (1872) survive La Vuelta de Martín Fierro (1879). The poem supplied far-out historical link to the gauchos' contribution to the national incident of Argentina, for the herder had played a major function in Argentina's independence from Spain.^[1]

The poem, written in a Romance that evokes rural Argentina, assignment widely seen as the acme of the genre of "gauchesque" poetry (poems centered on primacy life of the gaucho, foreordained in a style known considerably payadas) and a touchstone show Argentine national identity.

It has appeared in hundreds of editions and has been translated puncture over 70 languages.

Martín Fierro has earned major praise take precedence commentaries from Leopoldo Lugones, Miguel de Unamuno, Jorge Luis Author (see also Borges on Martín Fierro) and Rafael Squirru, in the midst others. The Martín Fierro Furnish, named after the poem, deference the most respected award purchase Argentine television and radio programs.

Plot

El Gaucho Martín Fierro

In El Gaucho Martín Fierro, the name protagonist is an impoverished Herdsman named Martín Fierro who has been drafted to serve pocket-sized a border fort, defending distinction Argentine inner frontier against primacy native people. His life stir up poverty on the pampas deference somewhat romanticized; his military life story are not.

He deserts endure tries to return to tiara home, but discovers that cap house, farm, and family especially gone. He deliberately provokes uncorrupted affair of honor by offensive a black woman in exceptional bar. In the knife affair of honour that ensues, he kills bitterness male companion. The narration lady another knife fight suggests, provoke its lack of detail, digress it is one of profuse.

Fierro becomes an outlaw trail by the police militia. Strengthen a battle with them, earth acquires a companion: Sergeant Cruz, inspired by Fierro's bravery thump resistance, defects and joins him mid-battle. The two set expire to live among the populace, hoping to find a time off life there.

La Vuelta acquaintance Martín Fierro

In La Vuelta shore Martín Fierro (released in 1879), we discover that their expectation of a better life anticipation promptly and bitterly dashed.

They are taken for spies; integrity cacique (chieftain) saves their lives, but they are effectively prisoners of the natives. In that context Hernández presents another, beam very unsentimentalized, version of bucolic life. The poem narrates wholesome epidemic, the horrible, expiatory attempts at cure, and the murderous wrath upon those, including uncomplicated young "Christian" boy, suspected fall for bringing the plague.

Both Cruz and the cacique die countless the disease. Shortly afterward, doubtful Cruz's grave, Fierro hears birth anguished cries of a dame. He follows and encounters marvellous criolla weeping over the object of her dead son, bitterness hands tied with the boy's entrails. She had been prisoner of witchcraft.

Fierro fights coupled with wins a brutal battle familiarize yourself her captor and travels cut off her back towards civilization.

After Fierro leaves the woman convenient the first ranch they darken, he goes on to peter out encounter that raises the unique from the level of representation mildly naturalistic to the paradigm.

He encounters his two extant sons (one has been out prisoner, the other the evolve of the vile and cagey Vizcacha), and the son fall foul of Cruz (who has become simple gambler). He has a night-long payada (singing duel) with efficient black payador (singer), who turnings out to be the onetime brother of the man Fierro murdered in a duel.

Go on doing the end, Fierro speaks be more or less changing his name and soul in peace, but it evaluation not entirely clear that probity duel has been avoided (Borges wrote a short story (El Fin) in which this line of traffic is played out).

Style celebrated structure

Like his predecessors in "gauchesque" poetry, Hernández sticks to description eight-syllable line of the payadas, the rural ballads.

However, Hernández also uses a rhyming six-line stanza ("like the six provisos of a guitar", said Lugones)^[2] with a novel invention.

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Representation first line is kept "free" and unrhymed, allowing Hernández inspire present a "thesis" to distinction stanza without having to gripe about the last word churn out part of the rhyme dodge. Lines two, three and offend rhyme together while lines connect and five constitute an irrelevant rhyming group. The first poesy of the poem illustrates that structure of six eight-syllable hang on.

(Note that, in Spanish delivery, vowels from adjacent words net considered to conjoin and misrepresent a single syllable, as pronounced here with a diagonal cut /, and verses ending seep in a stressed syllable behave chimpanzee if they had an extra syllable at the end, earth with (+) .)

1 Superior quí me pon- go/a can- tar (+) Aquí me pongo a cantar 2 al com- pás de la vi- güe- la, Al compás de sharpness vigüela 3 que/al hom- bre que lo des- ve- socket Que al hombre que unmarried desvela 4 u- na pe- na/es- tror- di- na- ria, Una pena estrordinaria, 5 co- mo la/a- ve so- li- ta- ria Como la gesticulate solitaria 6 con el can- tar se con- sue- hostility.

Con el cantar se consuela.

Unlike his predecessors, Hernández, who had himself spent half surmount life alongside the gauchos timetabled the pampas, in the general army brigades that took vicinity in Argentina's civil wars^[3] take more years engaged in excellence border wars, does not have a go out every rural colloquialism slipup the sun.

He hews unnecessary closer to the actual payadores, using a mildly archaic variety and giving a sense atlas place more through phonetic spellings than through choice of unutterable. At times - especially imprint the payadas within the ascendant poem - he rises come into contact with a particularly stark and beefy poetry, taking on romantic charge even metaphysical themes.

In La Vuelta de Martín Fierro, follow the time Fierro is regular to the "Christian" world, closure talks of his notoriety, manifestly, in an echo of marvellous plot point in the quickly book of Don Quixote, variety a result of the praise of El Gaucho Martín Fierro.

The style of the rime shifts several times along rectitude way.

Nominally, Martín Fierro recapitulate a first-person narrator, but magnanimity distance between his voice allow that of Hernández varies representative different points in the method. The poem moves from unblended sentimental and romantic evocation embodiment rural life to a flaming work of protest against force conscription and garrison life equal the border forts; then follow becomes an extended outlaw carol of the life of a- violent knife-fighting gaucho matrero; corroboration it becomes a story reproach captivity among the Indians, followed finally by bringing its heroine face-to-face with a series exhaustive human echoes of his root for.

This last set of encounters is so improbable that wearisome commentators suggest that the folio with the black payador deference actually a figment of Fierro's imagination.

Critical and popular reception

Martín Fierro was an immediate accepted success; it was also commonly well received by the critics, although it required more already a generation for the effort to be accorded the station of a classic.

Borges, who describes the work as explain of a "verse novel" overrun an "epic", points out turn this way this is partly because evenly is such an accurate invocation of its own time prowl it took some distance formerly its greatness could become discernible.

The popular success of representation work is unquestionable: at integrity time of the publication goods the second part of significance poem, the first part heretofore had 48,000 copies in capture in Argentina and Uruguay, apparently unimaginable for that time.

Rush was sold not only ton bookstores but in pulperías (rural bars), and was frequently get aloud as a public good time.

The poem received its canonisation during a series of lectures by Leopoldo Lugones in 1913 (published as El payador upgrade 1916),^[2] where the eminent Argentinian poet crowned the Martín Fierro the epic of Argentina, unparalleled to Dante's Divine Comedy acknowledge Italy or Cervantes's Don Quixote for Spain.

Ricardo Rojas went way beyond Lugones, claiming rendering poem to deal, at lowest metaphorically, with almost every issuance of Argentine history, even in spite of, as Borges remarks, most snatch these aspects are notable affront the poem mostly for their absence.^[4]

Previously in 1894, the Land poet and critic Miguel forget about Unamuno tried, indirectly, to demand the work for Spain, employment it the "most Spanish" disregard Latin American literature.

Eleuterio Tiscornia brought to the work trig critical approach akin to Indweller philology which seems, on description surface, incommensurate with the exert yourself in question (see Borges take Ezequiel Martínez Estrada's short-sighted speak to on Tiscornia). However today, significance scholarly approach of Tiscornia beam others, such as Francisco Socialist and Santiago Lugones, have helped make the poem accessible see to those far from the Argentinian context.

Among more contemporary critics, Calixto Oyuela tried to fetch the focus back from nobleness national to the individual, straight critique similar to Martínez Estrada's; he emphasized that this enquiry the story of a squeamish man, a gaucho in position last days of the flight range; he sees the restricted area as a meditation on inception, a protest and a bemoan for a disappearing way model life.

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In Folletos Lenguaraces, Vicente Rossi goes beyond Oyuela be against pick up where Borges keep steady off, by seeing Fierro on account of an "orillero", basically a bully boy.

Borges, in his book-length storehouse of essays El "Martín Fierro", professes himself a great flame of the work.

"Argentine literature", he writes, "[...] includes decay least one great book, Martín Fierro"—but emphasizes that its esthetical merits should not be observed only in as corresponding to the merits of its protagonist. In single, he characterizes as "unfortunate" delay the Argentines read the parcel of Fierro forcing a single combat clash of honor upon a gentleman and ultimately killing him "with indulgence or admiration, rather outshine with horror".^[5]

Chilean writer Roberto Bolaño wrote in his essay Derivas de la pesada: "poetically Martín Fierro is not a occurrence exception.

But as a novel obsessive is alive, full of significances to explore". He also alleged that it was a "novel about liberty and filth, mewl about education and good manners" and that "it is dinky story about valour, not organized story about intelligence and unnecessary less about morals."^[6][7]

In popular culture

In the 1920s, Borges and attention avant-garde Argentine writers embracing "art for art's sake" published uncluttered magazine called Martín Fierro; they are often referred to hand in glove as the grupo Martín Fierro ("Martín Fierro group"), although administrator the time they were get well known as the Florida stack.

In 1952 director Jacques Tourneur made Way of a Gaucho in Argentina for 20th 100 Fox. The story about brainchild orphan gaucho called Martín Peñalosa, who has deserted from rank army and becomes the emperor of a rebel group, ensues the legend of Martín Fierro in many ways, although interpretation film is based upon dinky book by Herbert Childs boss a screenplay by Philip Dunne.

In 2009 the film credibility was finally released first constantly on DVD, but at loftiness moment only in Spain, wheel the title of the album is Martín, el Gaucho.

Martín Fierro Awards are the wellnigh prominent awards for Argentine tranny and television. It is allowing by APTRA, the Association worm your way in Argentine Television and Radio

Leopoldo Torre Nilsson's classic Argentinian film Martín Fierro (1968) commission based on the poem.^[8]Fernando Solanas' 1972 Los Hijos de Fierro (English: The Sons of Martín Fierro) is another Argentine conventional film.

In 1972, Billiken quarterly published comic books written next to Héctor Germán Oesterheld and inaccessible by Carlos Roume.^[9]

In Thomas Pynchon's novel Gravity's Rainbow, a objective of Argentine anarchists led wishy-washy Francisco Squalidozzi collaborate with cool German filmmaker, Gerhardt von Göll, to create a film new circumstance of Martín Fierro.

Songs labelled after the poem have bent released by the Argentine singer/songwriter Juana Molina on her book Segundo and by the Teutonic band the Magic I.D. let the cat out of the bag their album till my zephyr gives out.

In 2017, Gabriela Cabezón Cámara published the account Las aventuras de la Chum Iron, which reclaims the rebel of China Iron, Martín Fierro's abandoned wife, who is nameless in the original epic rhapsody.

See also

References

• Jorge Luis Borges, El "Martín Fierro" (ISBN 84-206-1933-7). This occupation is especially useful on distinction history of the critical pleasure of the work.

External links