Aye chan may biography books

Kingdom of Mrauk U

Kingdom in Tall tale Myanmar (1429–1785)

The Kingdom of Mrauk-U (Arakanese: မြောက်ဦး ဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံတော်) was spruce up kingdom that existed on birth Arakanlittoral from 1429 to 1785. Based in the capital Mrauk-U, near the eastern coast unknot the Bay of Bengal, representation kingdom ruled over what pump up now Rakhine State, Myanmar, limit the southern part of City Division, Bangladesh.

Though it afoot out as a protectorate style the Bengal Sultanate from 1429 to 1531, Mrauk-U went terminate to conquer Chittagong with loftiness help of the Portuguese. Chock twice fended off the Toungoo Burma's attempts to conquer ethics kingdom in 1546–1547, and 1580–1581. At its height of sovereign state, it briefly controlled the Laurel of Bengal coastline from primacy Sundarbans to the Gulf prescription Martaban from 1599 to 1603.[4][5] In 1666, it lost guardianship of Chittagong after a battle with the Mughal Empire.

Warmth existence continued until 1785, like that which it was conquered by primacy Konbaung dynasty of Burma.[6][7]

It was home to a multiethnic populace, with the Buddhists making crutch the majority and the sweep of Mrauk U being residence to mosques, temples, shrines, seminaries and libraries.[8] The kingdom was also a center of buccaneering and the slave trade.

With nothing on was frequented by Arab, Nordic, Dutch and Portuguese traders.[8]

Names

The kingdom's official name was မြောက်ဦး ဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံတော် (English: Mrauk U Kingdom hovel Kingdom of Mrauk U) Nobleness Kingdom was commonly known in the same way Arakan during its existence.[citation needed]

History

See also: Reconquest of Arakan

Launggyet Dynasty

Although Arakan kings paid tribute secure the Pagan dynasty, the Southerly was mostly free of Impure suzerainty and largely cut successful from the rest of Burma.

Separated from Pagan by picture Arakan Mountains, Arakan developed much independently to other Burmese abyss. its capital moved from Thaibeiktaung to Dhanyawadi to Vesali formerly the 11th century, and thence to Pyinsa, Parein, and Hkrit in the 12th century, extinct the capital moving to Pyinsa again in 1180, and as a result Launggyet in 1237.[9]

Vassal state preceding Bengal Sultanate

Background

Arakan had close conjunction with Bengal, coming into plentiful contact with it as expansion was expanding eastwards.

Bengal captured Satgaon and later Sonargaon eminence the beginning of the Fourteenth century, and during the different of King Min Hti take Arakan (1279–1374), Bengal invaded Arakan by sea, raiding the Hinya river at Chittagong.[9][10] Following honesty collapse of Pagan power subject the death of Min Hti, Arakan fell into an interregnum, and constant raids were conducted by both the Burmese unacceptable the Talaing.

The new smart who took power in 1404, Narameikhla, who was a great-grandson of Min Hti, was at once ousted by the forces hark back to the Burmese Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa, who captured Launggyet gift forced Narameikhla to flee be acquainted with the court of the Sultanate of Bengal at Gour.[11][12] Close Narameikhla's 24-year exile, Arakan became an extensive battleground for honourableness Ava Kingdom and the Pegu Kingdom.

The King of Ava installed his son-in-law on decency throne of Arakan, bestowing him the title of Anoarahtâ. Pegu forces later captured and consummated him. The power struggle complete with Razadarit coming out treatise top, capturing Taunggyet and start his own governor, who was in power until 1423.[12]

Reign emulate Narameikhla

Following the death of Ahmed Shah in 1426, his little one Nazir Shah took the direct of Bengal.[12] After 24 existence of exile, Narameikhla finally regained control of the Arakanese cathedra in 1430 with military overhaul from Bengali commanders Wali Caravansary and Sindhi Khan.

The Bengalis who came with him bacilliform their own settlements in authority region.[13] Narameikhla ceded some locale to the Sultan of Bengal and recognised his sovereignty keepsake the areas. In recognition scrupulous his kingdom's vassal status, birth kings of Arakan received Islamic titles, despite being Buddhists, arm legalised the use of Islamic gold dinar coins from Bengal within the kingdom.

The kings compared themselves to Sultans predominant fashioned themselves after Mughal rulers. They also employed Muslims advance prestigious positions within the princely administration. Narameikhla minted his possess, with Burmese characters on round off side and Persian characters stock the other. Despite ruling accomplishments of Bengal, it continued cast off your inhibitions remain a protectorate of grandeur Sultan of Bengal up undetermined 1531.

Narameikhla founded the city disbursement Mrauk U, which was alleged the capital of the Arakanese kingdom in 1431.

As say publicly city grew, many Buddhistpagodas paramount temples were built. Several swallow them remain, and these object the main attraction of Mrauk-U. From the 15th to character 18th centuries, Mrauk U was the capital of the Arakan kingdom, frequently visited by tramontane traders (including Portuguese and Dutch).[16] The golden city of Mrauk U became known in Continent as a city of condition splendor after Friar Sebastian Manrique visited the area in goodness early 17th century.[citation needed] Dad Manrique's vivid account of description coronation of King Thiri Thudhamma in 1635[17] and about nobleness Rakhine Court and intrigues style the Portuguese adventurers fire honesty imagination of later authors.

Greatness English author Maurice Collis who made Mrauk U and Rakhine famous after his book The Land of the Great Image: Being experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan based its finance on Friar Manrique' travels blackhead Arakan.[18]

Independence from Bengal

Narameikhla was succeeded by his brother, Min Khayi Ali Khan (reigning 1434–59), who annexed Sandoway and Ramu name 1437.[13] Ali Khan's successor, Ba Saw Phyu (Kalima Shah, given name after his coins bearing glory Kalima, reigning 1459–82) occupied Metropolis with the help of rectitude Portuguese, at the beginning robust his reign.[6][7] Although Barbek Ruling, the new Sultan of Bengal, allowed Bengal to falter,[6] Arakan remained subordinate to Bengal waiting for 1531.[13] Ba Saw Phyu was succeeded by his son Dawlya, who launched a rebellion encroach upon him in 1482, taking crown life.[19] A line of publicize kings followed.

However, in 1531, Minbin took the throne, reorcement the fortifications of Mrauk U and fighting back against inshore raids by pirates. Minbin was responsible for the construction relief the Shwedaung pagoda as famously as the Shitthaung, Dukkanthein, impressive Lemyethna temples in Mrauk U.[11]

During Minbin's reign, Arakan came prep below attack both from the northward, from the coast, and come across the east.

In 1544, primacy armies of King Tabinshwehti sustaining Burma invaded and took Sandoway, beginning the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War. Despite that, he was unable to hoof it further, and was held nearby for two years. Thus, sand brought in Talaing and Tai fighters and revitalized his hostile, marching north to Mrauk U. However, once he reached illustriousness city, Tabinshwehti retreated, as let go realised it was too well-defended and he did not pine for to besiege or blockade bowels.

From the north came position Raja of Twipra, who marched as far as Ramu.[20] Still, he was driven back, instruction upon the Arakanese reclamation comprehensive Chittagong, Minbin struck from assembly coins with his name become absent-minded styled him as sultan. Minbin's reign ended in 1553.[11]

Golden Age

In the historiography of Mrauk U, the kingdom's history is ordinarily divided into early and wag periods.

Though historians disagree handiwork the specific cutoffs- the Seventeenth century is both the kingdom's golden age and the unsettled point towards it relative decline.[21]

Down the line of kings came Min Razagyi (1593–1612). In 1597, he joined the First Toungoo Empire in its siege make a fuss over Pegu and requested the log of Portuguese captain Felipe boorish Brito to assist him be next to it.[22] Land levies and ships from Chittagong, and the municipality fell in 1599.

de Brito was appointed governor of Syriam by Razagyi. However, he shook off Arakanese power over rendering region, and, supported by Province, he pushed away the numerous attacks of Arakan. Razagyi took three years (1602–1605) to application Sandwip from Manuel de Mattos and Domingo Carvalho.[23]

From 1531 take a break 1629, Arakanese raiders and Portuguesepirates operated from havens along significance coast of the kingdom other brought slaves in from Bengal to the kingdom.

Following assorted raids into Bengal, the serf population increased in the Ordinal century as they were busy in a variety of industries in Arakan. Slaves included associates of the Mughal nobility. Well-ordered notable royal slave was Alaol, a renowned poet in probity Arakanese court.[25][26] Some of them worked as Arabic, Bengali, sports ground Persianscribes in the Arakanese courts, which, despite remaining mostly Buddhistic, adopted Islamic fashions from rendering neighbouring Sultanate of Bengal.[27]

Crisis mislay the Millennium

In 1628, the Laungkrakca (governor of Launggyet) rebelled away Thiri Thudhamma's reign.

The insurgence was put down and various leading men executed, but that only furthered the importance refer to future Laungkrakca.

At the frustrate, the Arakanese chronicle tradition challenging prophecised that the Mrauk U lineage of kings would forward by the turn of ethics first millennium- roughly 1638 according to the Arakanese era.

Several royal court ministers, including significance Laungkrakca became more aggressive hill vying for power. On 31 May 1638, Thiri Thudhamma enigmatically died. His son and entwine prince Min Sanay ascended honourableness throne, only to die 26 days later. After this, rectitude Laugkrakca ascended the throne monkey Narapati.[21] Historian Jacques Leider ascribes this chain of events chimpanzee a coup d'état by magnanimity Laungkrakca, creating instability within primacy kingdom[28]

After his ascension, the educator of Chittagong rebelled claiming goodness throne for himself.

The putsch was quashed, but in Dec 1643, the new governor delightful Chittagong rebelled, taking a big group of Portuguese mercenaries get a message to him into Mughal territory. Narapati sent substantial army to put a stop to this second rebellion, choosing give an inkling of pillage Chittagong. His troops horizontal back 80,000 people – principally weavers-- and several tens treat thousands of cattle.

This outstanding destroyed the importance of City as a trade centre skull created deep division in Arakan as the Dutch East Bharat Company and various nobles protested the move. The sceptics grow mouldy the king's plan were long run proven correct as the settled craftsmen were decimated by swell famine in 1645 caused dampen the sudden change in inhabitants, effectively destroying Arakan's textile grind as well.[21]

This destruction and Narapati's attitude to the Dutch, goad trade in eastern Bengal additional west.

Furthermore, advances in Nation shipbuilding diminished the impact fall foul of Arakanese raids in Lower Burma, further pushing that trade gulp down to Lower Burma. During Narapati's reign, Mrauk U's control funding Chittagong and the Bay understanding Bengal trade had all however collapsed.[21]

Mughal-Arakan wars

The 1666 Mughal acquirement of Chittagong marked a exactly end of the Golden Administer for most historians.

Arakan mislaid control of end of excitement bank of the Naf Spout in southeast Bengal after magnanimity Mughal conquest of Chittagong. Export 1660, Prince Shah Shuja, interpretation governor of Mughal Bengal bear a claimant of the Stalk Throne, fled to Arakan criticism his family after being cringing by his brother Emperor Aurangzeb during the Battle of Khajwa.

Shuja and his entourage appeared in Arakan on 26 Respected 1660.[29] He was granted institution by King Sanda Thudhamma. Wrapping December 1660, the Arakanese wild confiscated Shuja's gold and jewellery, leading to an insurrection next to the royal Mughal refugees. According to varying accounts, Shuja's cover was killed by the Arakanese, while Shuja himself may take fled to a kingdom underneath Manipur.

However, members of Shuja's entourage remained in Arakan nearby were recruited by the imperial army, including as archers captain court guards. They were handy makers in Arakan until glory Burmese conquest.[30] The Portuguese title Arakanese continued their raids cataclysm Mughal Bengal which includes natty raid in Dhaka in 1625.[31]

The Mahamuni Buddha image, which abridge now in Mandalay, was band and venerated some 15 miles from Mrauk U where other Mahamuni Buddha Image flanked coarse two other Buddha images.

Mrauk U can be easily reached via Sittwe, the capital reinforce Rakhine State. From Yangon apropos are daily flights to Sittwe and there are small clandestine boats as well as ascendant public boats plying through ethics Kaladan river to Mrauk U. It is only 45 miles from Sittwe and the seaboard. To the east of honourableness old city is the renowned Kispanadi stream and far atrophy the Lemro river.

The expertise area used to have natty network of canals. Mrauk U maintains a small archaeological Museum near Palace site, which court case right in the centre all but town. As a prominent funds Mrauk U was carefully character in a strategic location manage without levelling three small hills. Birth pagodas are strategically located telltale hilltops and serve as fortresses; indeed they are once second-hand as such in times see enemy intrusion.

There are moats, artificial lakes and canals bid the whole area could skin flooded to deter or repel attackers. There are innumerable pagodas and Buddha images all rest the old city and magnanimity surrounding hills. Some are undertake being used as places holiday worship today many in leftovers, some of which are advise being restored to their modern splendor.[32]

Burmese conquest

Following Konbaung Dynasty's triumph of Arakan in 1785, since many as 35,000 people fall foul of the Rakhine State fled practice the neighbouring Chittagong region quite a few British Bengal in 1799 interruption escape persecution by the Bamar and to seek protection botch-up the British Raj.

Cultural legacy

Main article: List of Buddhist temples § Rakhine State

Arakanese chronicle records that supplementary contrasti than six million shrines obtain pagodas flourished in Mrauk-U.

Orderly British archaeologist, Emil Forchhammer illustrious that "in durability, architectural expertness, and ornamentation the Mrauk-U temples far surpass those on influence banks of Irrawaddy."[34] Illustrative examples of Mrauk U period structure include the Shite-thaung and Htukkanthein Temples.

Gold and silver medium of exchange serve as the heritage admire the Mrauk-U period. The institution of coin-making was handed plonk from the Vesali kings who started minting coins around goodness fifth century. The coins for this reason far found are of tiptoe denomination only. Inscribed on distinction coins are the title describe the ruling king and her highness year of coronation; coins in advance 1638 had Rakhine inscriptions justification one side and Persian folk tale Nagari inscriptions on the extra.

The inclusion of the nonnative inscriptions was meant for primacy easy acceptance by the harbour countries and the Arab traders. Twenty-three types of silver bills and three types of money coins have so far bent found.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Rakhine Razawin Thit Vol 2 (in Burmese).

    Ashin. Sandamala Likãra. p. 8 to 21.

  2. ^Rakhine Razawin Thit Vol 2 (in Burmese). Ashin. Sandamala Likãra. p. 8 to 21.
  3. ^Rakhine Razawin Thit Vol 2 (in Burmese). Ashin. Sandamala Likãra. p. 23 to 25.
  4. ^Myint-U 2006: 77
  5. ^Topich, Leitich 2013: 21
  6. ^ abcPhayre 1883: 78
  7. ^ abHarvey 1925: 140–141
  8. ^ abWilliam J.

    Topich; Keith First-class. Leitich (9 January 2013). The History of Myanmar. ABC-CLIO.

    Leila khaled autobiography of adroit flea

    pp. 17–22. ISBN .

  9. ^ abHarvey 1925: 76
  10. ^Akhtaruzzaman, Md. "POLITICAL RELATIONS Betwixt MEDIEVAL BENGAL AND ARAKAN." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 61, 2000, pp. 1081–1092., www.jstor.org/stable/44144423. Accessed 5 Feb. 2020.
  11. ^ abcHarvey 1925: 77
  12. ^ abcPhayer 1883: 77
  13. ^ abcYegar, Moshe (2002).

    Between integration and secession: The Monotheism communities of the Southern Archipelago, Southern Thailand and Western Burma / Myanmar. Lanham, MD: Concord Books. p. 23. ISBN . Retrieved 8 July 2012.

  14. ^Richard, Arthus (2002). History of Rakhine. Boston, MD: City Books.

    p. 23. ISBN . Archived hit upon the original on 8 Apr 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2012.

  15. ^H. Hosten (15 May 2017). Travels of Fray Sebastien Manrique 1629–1643: A Translation of the Itinerario de las Missiones Orientales. Textbook I: Arakan. Taylor & Francis. p. 357.

    ISBN .

  16. ^Maurice Collis (1995). Land of the Great Image. Dweller Educational Services. p. 5. ISBN .
  17. ^Phayre 1883: 79
  18. ^Phayre 1883: 79–80
  19. ^ abcdvan Gelen, Stephan (2002).

    "Arakan at representation Turn of the First Millenary of the Arakanese Era". Rerouteing Gommans, Jos; Leider, Jacques (eds.). The Maritime Frontier of Burma. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy recognize Arts and Sciences. pp. 151–162.

  20. ^Harvey 1925: 78
  21. ^Thibaut d'Hubert; Jacques P. Leider (2011).

    "Traders and Poets fuming the Mrauk U Court: Business and Cultural Links in Seventeenth-Century Arakan"(PDF). In Rila Mukherjee (ed.). Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bark of Bengal Before Colonialism. Archived(PDF) from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 5 Feb 2020.: 81–82 

  22. ^Francesca Orsini; Katherine Butler Schofield (5 October 2015).

    Tellings opinion Texts: Music, Literature and Proceeding in North India. Open Volume Publishers. p. 424. ISBN .

  23. ^Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). "East Pakistan District Gazetteers" (PDF). Government of East Pakistan Maintenance and General Administration Department (1): 84. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  24. ^(Aye Chan 2005, p. 398)
  25. ^Leider, Jacques (1994).

    "La route de Am (Arakan)" [The Road to Arakan]. Journal Asiatique. 282 (2): 335–370.

  26. ^Niccolò Manucci (1907). Storia Do Mogor: Add up to, Mogul India, 1653–1708. J. Murray.
  27. ^Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman (19 June 2017). Islam and Peacebuilding underside the Asia-Pacific.

    World Scientific. p. 24. ISBN .

  28. ^Stefan Halikowski Smith (23 Sept 2011). Creolization and Diaspora feigned the Portuguese Indies: The Community World of Ayutthaya, 1640–1720. Fine. p. 225. ISBN .
  29. ^William, Cornwell (2004). History of Mrauk U. Amherst, MD: Lexington Books.

    p. 232. ISBN .

  30. ^Emil, Forchhammer (1891). Arakan.

Bibliography

  • Aye Chan (Autumn 2005). "The Development of a Moslem Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) Present of Burma (Myanmar)"(PDF). SOAS Flyer of Burma Research. 3 (2). Archived from the original(PDF) practice 12 July 2013.

    Retrieved 11 September 2017.

  • Charney, Michael W. (1993). 'Arakan, Min Yazagyi, and righteousness Portuguese: The Relationship Between primacy Growth of Arakanese Imperial Last and Portuguese Mercenaries on loftiness Fringe of Mainland Southeast Accumulation 1517–1617.' Masters dissertation, Ohio University.
  • Hall, D.G.E.

    (1960). Burma (3rd ed.). Colonist University Library. ISBN .

  • Harvey, G. Family. (1925). History of Burma: Implant the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Town University Press.
  • Maung Maung Tin (1905).

    Konbaung Hset Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 2 (2004 ed.). Yangon: Branch of Universities History Research, Academy of Yangon.

  • Myat Soe, ed. (1964). Myanma Swezon Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 9 (1 ed.). Yangon: Sarpay Beikman.
  • Myint-U, Thant (2006).

    The River understanding Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .

  • Phayre, Spot. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. 1984 Print run. Vol. VII, p. 76